El vermut
Provincianisme i cosmopolitisme de Barcelona

El franquisme va ser el qui provincialitzar Barcelona, volent-la en una ciutat vicària i subsidiària de la cultura oficial del règim
[…]fue una época de unos cuatro o cinco años de una intensidad creativa en aquella Barcelona de los 70, que era maravillosa. Nos pasábamos el día en la Filmoteca, porque la universidad siempre estaba cerrada y te regalaban el aprobado; yo iba a algunas asignaturas a examinarme simplemente para obtener la matrícula de honor. En un año determinado fui ocho días a clase, y tengo de ese año dos o tres matrículas de honor. Pero en cambio era la Barcelona donde estaban García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, etcétera, que venían a contarnos su obra a las clases de Literatura Hispanoamericana. El resto del tiempo lo pasábamos en la Filmoteca y hablando en el Café de la Ópera. Fueron unos años maravillosos […]”
Així explicava el periodista Federico Jiménez Losantos la seva joventut a la Barcelona del tardofranquisme, en una entrevista publicada al magazine Jot Down. Losantos, que en aquella època era un estudiant d’extrema esquerra arribat de Terol, ja havia recordat aquella època, suposadament idíl·lica, a “La ciudad que fue. Barcelona, años 70”. Una llibertat – en un país encara regit per un règim dictatorial, amb partit únic i exèrcit amatent, amb censura, presos polítics, delictes d’opinió i prohibicions de símbols nacionals i reivindicacions culturals catalanes – que va convertir la capital de Catalunya, segons l’autor, en una ciutat festiva i cosmopolita. Un paradís perdut destruït per la “dictadura blanca del nacionalismo”, arribada amb la democràcia i l’elecció de Jordi Pujol com a President de Catalunya. Però aquest discurs d’una Barcelona cosmopolita perduda i mitificada, enfront d’una Barcelona provinciana i resclosida no ha quedat només en els llibres del pope de l’extrema dreta espanyolista transvestida de fals liberalisme sinó que darrerament n’hem viscut un revival amb la resposta irada, grollera i casposa – on no ha faltat l’epítet “provinciano” - d’un dels directors del San Miguel Primavera Sound, a l’article “Una delikatessen sense denominació d’origen” d’un molt clarivident Jordi Bianciotto, en que parlava del Primavera, com “un exquisit, detallista i erudit festival apàtrida amb una programació que no acaba d'explicar en quina ciutat i en quin país se celebra”. Fins i tot, sensibles com estàvem amb el terme provincianisme, vam poder llegir amb alarma el titular de l’entrevista que el diari La Vanguardia feia al veterà president d’Edicions 62, Josep Maria Castellet: “Vam desprovincialitzar la cultura catalana”. La frase, treta de context venia d’una de les primeres respostes de vell editor, molt més temperades i entenedores: “A mi em van fer l’encàrrec de donar projecció internacional a la cultura catalana, que havia quedat molt tancada, amb risc de provincialització” Però, el periodista hi torna amb la presentació del personatge a l’entradeta: “Pocs homes de lletres tenen un historial tan actiu. Si Barcelona –a diferència del Madrid provincià de postguerra– va lluir la imatge de cau cultural cosmopolita, és gràcies a intel·lectuals com ell. I si ara les dues ciutats han intercanviat els rols, potser és per- què han mancat els relleus”.
Com bé molt bé deu saber el savi Castellet i, potser caldria que sabés el periodista que signa l’entrevista, si alguna cosa va “provincialitzar” i tancar la ciutat de Barcelona – i tot el país – va ser el franquisme. La dictadura fou la que acabà amb un cosmopolitisme – per utilitzar l’altre terme en discòrdia – molt arrelat a Barcelona. Aquest mateix diari publica una entrevista a Lluís Permanyer, cronista de la ciutat, en que recordo com els viatgers de totes les èpoques, escrivien: “Això és Europa, no Espanya” i situaven la ciutat al mateix nivell de les grans capitals europees, de les que provenien. El franquisme va ser el qui va voler convertir Barcelona en una ciutat vicària i subsidiària de la cultura oficial del règim, a la que es podia entabanar amb ser la capital hispana del llibre, tenir el port o la Fira de Mostres. I el mateix règim, i l’anticatalanisme que l’havia provocat, va ser el que va dissenyar la minusvalidesa de la cultura catalana, culpable d’haver seguit la falsa ruta de la política i del catalanisme. Si l’any 1940 impedia reeditar un llibre de cuina en català, com “L’art del ben menjar”, més endavant autoritzaria la reedició de la literatura catalana clàssica, en edició prefabriana i arcaica, per acabar persistint la censura fins la Transició. Entretant, clar que es podien ballar sardanes, amb el preceptiu permís, se celebraven les festes majors o es permetien tímides mostres del “sano regionalismo”, però si alguna cosa es volia impedir era que Catalunya tingués una cultura pròpia de nivell europeu.
A Catalunya, per exemple, la revista aliadòfila Iberia publica l’any 1916 l’Oda a Guynemer del poeta Josep M. Junoy, que farà exclamar a Guillaume Apollinaire, pare del cal·ligrama: J’ai été fort heureux de voir et de lire votre beau poème. Je me suis félicité d’avoir imaginé cette plastique poétique, à laquelle vous fournissez son premier chef d’oeuvre”. Però no només Junoy estarà ben connectat amb els moviments més contemporanis del continent: Joan Salvat-Papasseit, Gabriel Alomar, Joan Miró, Salvador Dalí, Vicenç Soler de Sojo, etc. caminaran pels diferents camins de l’avantguarda, del futurisme al surrealisme, passant pel cubisme. A Barcelona es formarà el gran Pablo Picasso, abans de recalar a París i en català s’expressarà habitualment durant molt de temps.
Però mostres se'n troben en totes les arts i en tots els costums: A Catalunya recalaran el comte de Keyserling o G.K. Chesterton; Paul Valéry disertarà al Conferentia Club d’Isabel Llorach, i Carles Soldevila explicava “L’art d’ensenyar Barcelona”. El poeta Josep M. De Sagarra passejarà a Francis Carco pels baixos fons i atret per la llegenda lúgubre del districte Vè també arribarà Jean Genet. Durant la Gran Guerra, els Ballets Russos actuaran al Liceu – i aquí es produirà la trencadissa entre Diàghilev i Nijinski. Al mateix escenari de la Rambla dirigiran les seves obres Stravinski - enamorat de la sardana - i un català universal, Pau Casals. Pel que fa al cine, els pioners Segundo de Chomón (aragonès establert a Catalunya), Fructuós Gelabert o Francisco Elías fan sominar a Barcelona amb ser una mena de Hollywood mediterrani. Els esports és popularitzen, Paulino Alcántara o Josep Samitier són els primers futbolistes de llegenda, mentre la ciutat vibra amb els combats dels púgils Uzcudun o Gironès. Per últim, sobre la premsa l'admirat Amadeu Hurtado explica a les seves memòries que en un passeig per Barcelona amb uns periodistes estrangers, aquests mostren gran sorpresa «Els havia cridat l’atenció un diari de factura europea que no imaginaven com es podia sostenir sortint en un idioma de tan poca difusió com el català, i que se’n deia La Publicitat”. La Publicitat era aquell diari, d’aquella Barcelona catalana i cosmopolita. I com tot el que va representar la Catalunya catalanista i europea, avantguardista, sofisticada, culta i alegre del primer terç de segle, va ser silenciada per la tirania. Tot el que aplego són exemples molt dispersos que demostren que Barcelona no ha estat mai el llogaret irreductible o la petita capital administrativa de la perifèria, que alguns grans escriptors sud-americans establerts als anys 70 a Barcelona – alguns ben a prop d’on escric aquest article – van desvetllar al món.
Per tant, quan Losantos o el tal Gabi Ruiz, que diria aquell, parlen de províncies i dictadures nacionalistes, no estant fent altra cosa que enyorar un sistema podrit que perseguia l’ensulsiada de la cultura catalana, mentre enredava amb el joc del pal i la pastanaga de la gran cultura castellana, de la que – evidentment – Barcelona només n’era una província.
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